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Efficient water use is important to the success of the food industry. With this in mind, the Australian Food and Grocery Council signed the first Eco-efficiency Agreement with Environment Australia in 2000. Eco-efficiency is based on the idea of ‘doing more with less’, and efficient water use is an important factor in achieving this.
Food processing consumes over 241,000 ML of water per year (Water Account Australia, 2004). This equates to 28% of the total water used in the manufacturing sector nationwide, making it the largest water using sector. Within the sector, water use (in litres per kilogram of production) ranges from 1 (for bakery products) to 9 (for meat products).
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Water consumption for food processing per kg (2001) |
In the food industry, water conservation and water recycling issues are closely related to water quality. Often mains water has to be treated before it can be used in processing operations, to ensure a healthy and hygienic product. If lower volumes of water are used, then the cost of treatment is reduced. Furthermore, wastewater treatment offers the opportunity to recycle water for other uses, which can reduce the costs associated with wastewater discharges.
The table below provides a basic breakdown of water use in the food processing industry. Identifying water use is essential to implementing water conservation measures.
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Water used in food processing activities |
| Water consuming activities |
Beverage (%) |
Meat Processing (%) |
Vegetable (%) |
Dairy (%) |
| Water in product |
60 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
| Plant cleaning |
25 |
48 |
15 |
49 |
| Cooling towers |
2 |
2 |
5 |
6 |
| Process operations |
8 |
47 |
78 |
42 |
| Auxiliary use |
5 |
3 |
2 |
3 |
Adapted from the Eco-efficiency Toolkit for the Queensland Food Processing Industry, 2005.
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